Click here for 6 A Syllabus

6A　2005年秋季一學年教學計畫：

根據全美中小學外語學習的5 C原則：（Communication，Cultures，Connection，Comparisons，Communities）所設計的6A中文課程教案以教材為綱分述教學活動及教學目的如下：（在各活動旁括弧每個活動的設計原則）

1.華語課本

a.購買活動 (購物中心、買賣、小吃店、商品)

對應活動：Taiwan Monopoly（練習買賣認識台灣）(Communication)

Auditions (練習買賣會話) (Communication)

b.單位詞

c.生活節慶(重陽節，中秋節　新春活動)

對應活動：重陽節寄卡片給爺爺奶奶外公外婆 (Culture, Communication)

冬至：做麻吉 (Culture, Connection)

新春活動：十二生肖戲劇表演( Culture, Communication)

端午節：包粽子 ( Culture, Communication)

d中國歷史, 成語

2.中華文化教材（2005 青少年中國化常識比賽教材）

a. 中國文化常識比賽題目與教材

根據中國文化常識比賽教材,我編了一系列中華歷史文化講義.(附錄1)

讓孩子閱讀後,有全面瞭解後,閱讀中文版的中華歷史.

（上學期黃帝—宋朝）（下學期-元朝—中日戰爭,複習準備比賽）

b. 華語課本1-6冊 ( 上學期複習4,5冊)（下學期總複習1-6冊）

相對活動：1.比賽預演 ,常替學生分組模擬中國文化常識比賽.

2. 學生瀏覽中華文化相關網頁.中華歷史, 人文, 科學補充閱讀 (Connection, Culture)

http://www.greatchinese.com/emperors/table.htm

http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/toc.html

http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/chinhist.html

3.兒童日報文摘、故事書

對應活動：定期閱讀兒童日報上的時事,小朋友投稿.鼓勵小朋友作文投稿. (Communication)比較中華文化與美國文化的差別.—孝順與自我 ,中國民俗故事與西方童話故事的比較, 西方學校與東方學校的差別(Comparison)

4.遠東少年讀本 (optional)

如要增加簡體字及拼音教學,遠東少年讀本是個選擇.(Communication)

附錄1:中華文化教材之一

Zhou Dynasty

周武王伐紂

The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the Shang kingdom. Due to their nomadic ways, they learned how to work with people of different cultures. After a time, they settled in the Wei River valley, where they became vassals of the Shang. The Zhou eventually became stronger than the Shang, and in about 1040 B.C. they defeated the Shang in 牧野. They built their capital in Hao（鎬）. Part of their success was the result of gaining the allegiance of disaffected city-states. The Shang were also weakened due to their constant warfare with people to the north.

相信天命：(Belief in Tian)

Traditional Chinese history says that the Zhou were able to take over the Shang because the Shang had degenerated morally. Part of this belief may have been caused by the Zhou themselves, who are credited with the idea of the Mandate of Heaven. The Zhou used this idea to validate their takeover and subsequent ruling of the former Shang kingdom. The Mandate of Heaven says that Heaven, or tian（天）, places the mandate, tianming, （天命）to rule on any family that is morally worthy of the responsibility. Also, the only way to know if the Mandate of Heaven had been removed from the ruling family was if they were overthrown. If the ruler is overthrown, then the victors had the Mandate of Heaven.

第一個採用封建制度： First Adoption of feudalism

The Zhou adopted much of the Shang lifestyle, often importing Shang families or communities to new towns they built to utilize the knowledge of the Shang artisans. The bronze vessels of the Zhou are nearly identical with those of the Shang. The Zhou also adopted much of the Shang writing system, rituals, and administration techniques. The Zhou however, began a different form of governing, which was basically feudal. Land was given to people in elaborate ceremonies. The landowners became vassals to the king. Descent became patriarchal, from father to son, rather than from eldest brother to youngest brother as practiced by the Shang.

The Zhou, despite transporting the Shang to their cities for their skills, did not want to live directly with the Shang. Their capital was divided into two sections, one for the Zhou, that contained the imperial court, and the other half for the transported Shang. Other Zhou cities exhibit this same characteristic. However, this was the only major change in cities from the Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty. Otherwise, the houses remained the same as in the Shang Dynasty.

The Zhou also brought their religion with them. They banned human sacrifice. They practiced the cult of Heaven. The worship of sun and stars was the most important thing. Some of the popular Shang gods became incorporated into this system. They were lesser gods, and served as feudal lords to the Heaven-god.

問題（一定要會回答）：

1. 什麼是湯武革命？

2. 什麼是封建制度？第一個實行封建制度的是___________朝。

3. 中國最長的朝代是_________朝。

4. 周朝分成________周和________周。

東周：春秋戰國時期

(The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period)

Image courtesy of the Indianapolis Museum of Art. Item a Gift of Professor and Mrs. R. Norris Shreve

The Zhou Dynasty is divided into subperiods. The first is the Western Zhou, (西周)which occurs from the time of their victory over the Shang until about 771 B.C. when they were forced east by barbarians from the north. The king was killed but his son was saved and moved east where a new capital was formed in Loyang. This began the period known as the Eastern Zhou.（東周） The Eastern Zhou is further divided into two time periods, the Spring and Autumn Period （春秋時代）and the Warring States Period（戰國時代）. The Spring and Autumn Period occurred from about 770-476 B.C. During this time, the Zhou emperor steadily lost power due to the realization by the feudal lords that he was not powerful and could be beaten, which had been proven by the defeat in the west.

Two feudal lords Huan of Qi 齊桓公 (r. 685-643) and Wen of Jin 晉文公 (r. 636-628) made a step further in institutionalizing the feudalism. However, the protecting task of the overlord gradually lost its original intention. The two lords just wanted to expand their territories and caused more battles among the states. During this spring and autumn period, there are five feudal lords who expanded their feudal kingdom successfully, called 春秋五霸 ("Five Counts"), identified as Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公, Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公, Duke Mu of Qi 秦穆公, Duke Xiang of Song 宋襄公, and King Zhuang of Chu 楚莊王.

The second half, the Warring States Period, is so named because of the power struggle between the large states of China that were trying to gain control over the entire area. Seven major states,（戰國七雄） Qin,（秦） Wei（魏）, Hann（韓）, Zhao（趙）, Yan 燕, Qi（齊） and Chu,（楚） fought against each other. In the end, only the well-reformed and half-barbarian state of Qin was able to overcome the others.

百家爭鳴的黃金時期Hundred Schools Period

This time period of the Warring States is considered the classical age, it was a time of great philosophers.This cultural flowering is sometimes called the One Hundred Schools Period. 春秋戰國是我國學術思想史上的黃金時期。Confucianism（儒家）, Taoism（道家）, Mohism(墨家) and Legalism（法家） developed during this time. Of these three, Legalism had the most immediate effect, as it was the philosophy that the Qin（秦朝）, the next dynasty used as the basis of their rule. Some of the most memorable poetry and prose was also written during this time. Other advances included the writing down of the laws, an increase in market places, and a money economy. The development of iron, and tools made of iron, greatly increased agriculture and thus population exploded.

問題：

1. 東周分成_______________和___________________。

2. 春秋五霸是?

3. 戰國七雄是？

4. 中國百家爭鳴的思想黃金時期是？

5. 春秋戰國時期最重要的思想是？

Qin Dynasty

The Qin came to power in 221 B.C. They were one of the western states that existed during the Warring States Period. They conquered the other Warring States, unifying China for the first time.（秦朝是第一個大一統的王朝） Their leader named himself the First Emperor, or Shi huangdi,(始皇帝，超過三皇五帝) thus beginning the tradition of having emperors for rulers. (秦朝是第一個有皇帝的王朝)The Qin, while not the most culturally advanced of the Warring States was militarily the strongest. They utilized many new technologies in warfare, especially cavalry. The Qin are sometimes called the Ch'in, which is probably where the name China originated.（秦=Chin, China）

第一個中央集權的王朝：

The Qin made many changes that were meant to unify China and aid in administrative tasks.(中央集權). First, the Qin implemented a Legalist form of government, which was how the former Qin territory had been governed. The area was divided up in 36 commanderies which were then subdivided into counties. These commanderies had a civil governor, a military commander, and an imperial inspector. The leaders of the commanderies had to report to the Emperor in writing. The Legalist form of government involved rewards and punishments to keep order. Also, the state had absolute control over the people, and the former nobility lost all of their power. The nobility were also transplanted from their homes to the capital.

第一個統一文物的王朝

Image courtesy of Giam Vien

The achievements of the Qin are numerous. They standardized the language and writing of China(秦朝是第一個文字統一的王朝), which had varied greatly from area to area during the Warring States Period. This was done partially out of a need to have a consistent way to communicate across the country; administrators had to be able to read the writing of the commandery to which they were sent. Also, currency （貨幣）became standardized as a circular copper coin with a square hole in the middle. Measurements（度量衡） and axle length（車軌） were also made uniform. This was done because the cartwheels made ruts in the road, and the ruts had to all be the same width, or carts with a different axle length could not travel on them. Many public works projects were also undertaken. A Great Wall was built in the north, to protect against invasions. Roads and irrigation canals were built throughout the country. Also, a huge palace was built for Shi huangdi. The Qin are also famous for the terra cotta army that was found at the burial site for Shi huangdi. The army consisted of 6,000 pottery soldiers that protected the tomb. They may be a replacement for the actual people who had previously been buried with the rulers.

Despite all of these accomplishments, Shi huangdi was not a popular leader. The public works and taxes were too great a burden to the population. It seemed that Shi huangdi could not be satisfied. Also, the nobility disliked him because they were deprived of all their power and transplanted. Finally, he banned all books that advocated forms of government other than the current one. The writings of the great philosophers of the One Hundred Schools time were burned and more than 400 opponents were executed.

The Qin rule came to an end shortly after the First Emperor's death. Shi huangdi had only ruled for 37 years, when he died suddenly in 210 B.C. His son took the throne as the Second Emperor, but was quickly overthrown and the Han dynasty began in 206 B.C.

問題：

1. 為什麼中國人被稱為秦人？

2. 秦朝有幾個第一名？

Han Dynasty

第一個平民皇帝：劉邦

The First peasant became an Emperor

The Han empire began in 206 B.C. when a peasant, Liu Bang（劉邦）,lead the army defeated the Qin army in the valley of Wei. The defeat was part of a larger rebellion that began after the First Emporer's 秦始皇 death. The people were dissatisfied with the tyranny of the Qin leaders and their Legalist form of government. However, while traditional Chinese history portrays the Han as implementing immediate changes in government, evidence shows the Han continued to rule in the tradition of the Qin, and only gradually incorporated Confucian ideals into their Legalist form of government. Economic expansion, changing relationships with the people of the steppes, strengthening of the palace at the expense of the civil service, weakening of the state's hold on the peasantry, and the rise of the families of the rich and the gentry were all factors that led to the adoption of Confucian ideals..

Under this new form of Legalism and Confucianism, rewards and punishments were still used for common people. However, the administrators were judged based on Confucian principles with the justification for these different sets of standards as they were educated. As a last resort, the ruler could use punishment for both the people and the officials. It was believed that force alone was not a sufficient way to rule and so the emperor needed the help of the Confucianists to guide him morally. Evidence of rulers using their power to punish is found in the records of officials who were beheaded.

When Liu Bang conquered the Qin, he created his capital at Ch'ang-an.（長安） He kept most of the laws and regulations by the Qin and made many of his friends nobility and gave them fiefs. However, the land was still divided up into commanderies and prefectures. Even the fiefs given out were treated like commanderies. Han power was based on direct control of people by the state.

漢武帝大帝國 The Expansion of Han Dynasty

Like the Qin before them, the main goal of the Han was the unification of China. This goal led to the eventual breakup of the fiefs and the downfall of the imperial nobility. This process was finally complete during Wu Ti's reign（漢武帝） (141-87 B.C.) His reign was a period of great military expansion.（漢武帝建立了漢朝大帝國） He expanded the borders into Vietnam and Korea and pushed the Hsiung nu south of the Gobi. Due to Wu Ti’s great military expansion, people started to call Chinese “Han”. （漢人）

The Han Dynasty is actually two separate dynasties.（西漢。東漢）considered one dynasty by the Chinese because the second dynasty was founded by a member of the former Han dynasty who declared he had restored the Han Dynasty. The original Han Dynasty was overthrown when the wealthy families gained more power than the emperor. The families became allied with each other through marriages and were responsible for the selection of officials. The widow of the emperor Yüan Ti succeeded in placing all of her relatives in government positions and ruling in place of her son. Her nephew, Wang Mang eventually declared himself emperor of a new dynasty, the Hsing (New). His rise to emperor is unusual because he gained much public support on his rise and he began a ceremony in which a seal of precious stone was passed to the emperor. From then on, whoever held this seal was the official emperor. Wang Mang was overthrown by a secret society of peasants known as the Red Eyebrows, because they painted their eyebrows red. The descendents of the Han dynasty eventually joined in the uprising, and, it was the armies of these nobles, under the leadership of Liu Hsiu(劉秀), who killed Wang Mang in 22A.D. The fighting continued until 25 A.D., when Liu Hsiu became the emperor. As an emperor he was called Kuang-wu Ti. Millions of people died during the fighting, leaving land for the peasants, and often, the freedom of debt as the lenders had died. The first Han is usually called Western Han(西漢) because the capital was located in 長安, the western part of China. People always call the second Han Dynasty (東漢)，because Liu Hsiu moved the capital to 洛陽, which is located in the eastern area of China.

The second Han Dynasty had much success with their foreign policy. Part of this success was due more to luck than to anything the Han did. The Hsiung nu who had previously been one of the most dangerous enemies of the Chinese were defeated by the Hsien-pi and the Wu-huan. Half of the Hsiung nu moved south, and became part of the Chinese empire. The Hsiung nu（匈奴） appeared to be trying to reunite and form a large empire comprising all of Turkestan. Thus, in 73 A.D. the Chinese began a campaign in Turkestan. The whole of Turkestan was quickly conquered which would have ensured a trading monopoly, however, the emperor Ming Ti died and Chang Ti became emperor. He favored an isolationist policy so that much of what was gained in Turkestan was now lost. Pan Ch'ao（班超）, the deputy commander who had led the invasion, stayed in Turkestan to try and hold onto what had been won, and eventually in 89 A.D. a new emperor came to power with a renewed interest in holding Turkestan. Despite this military success, economic and political struggles arose within China. Internal struggles for power taxed the peasants, until in 184 A.D. when another peasant uprising occurred. This movement was begun by the Yellow Turbans. This uprising served to unite the factions who had previously been fighting one another because they needed to unite to defeat the Yellow Turbans. Despite conquering them, China did not return to a united state. Rather, three kingdoms emerged and the Han dynasty was ended by Ts'ao Pi (曹丕)。

漢朝的交通、文化、科技

The expansion of Han dynasty also led to trade with the people of inner Asia and Europe,such as Korea, Japan, Turkestan and India. Thereafter, the Silk Road （絲路）was developed. The Silk Road actually consisted of more than one possible route through the mountains that the traders followed. Due to Silk Road, Buddhism from India come to China. in Han Dynasty. Paper was invented by 蔡倫 in the Second Han Dynasty (東漢)。A Great astronomer and scientist Zhang Heng 張衡 invented the armillary sphere ( 渾天儀), and a seismograph (haofandidongyi ) to predict earthquake.

Education became more important during this period, as a new class of gentry was introduced. Sima Qian,（司馬遷） considered to be China's greatest historian wrote his famous Records of the Historian (Shiji) (史記)during this time. This history book became the model by which all other histories would follow. It was one of the first attempts in China to make a record of the past in a proper form.

一定要會回答的問題：

1. 為什麼中國人被稱為漢人？

2. 誰建立了漢朝的大帝國？

3. 佛教(Buddhism)什麼時候傳進中國？

4. 個朝代發明了紙？又是誰發明的？

5. 什麼是渾天儀？誰造的？

6. 什麼是地動儀？誰造的？

7. 誰寫了史記這本書？

附錄2.中華文化教材各朝代教案:

（以下教案並不是我編的, 而是引自台灣小學歷史教案可供參考）

=================

單元、秦代

教學主題：秦代歷史
教學對象：六年級

教學時數：40分鐘

教學目標
學生能從秦始皇統一中國後的統治措施內容，分析：
1.對當時的影響；
2.對後世的影響；
3.評價秦始皇。

教學準備

1.研讀教學參考資料 2.如必要的話，設計學習單或從參考資料中印製學習單(有學習單2份可供參考)

3.將資料中的相關圖片印出，以利上課使用

教學重點

秦代 (公元前221年－公元前206年)

西周滅亡後，天下大亂，中國進入春秋戰國時期。春秋五霸中的秦國，興起於春秋中年。由於東進受阻，只能稱霸西方。但經過幾代國王的圖精勵治後，秦國在戰國時期已是天下無敵。最後，秦王嬴政利用「遠交近攻」策略，於公元前221年滅六國，統一「天下」。

秦王嬴政自認「德兼三皇，功過五帝」，自定尊號「始皇帝」。他還下令統一文字度量衡，取消分封諸侯制，改行郡縣制，加強中央集權，降服周邊民族，還盡興一連串大規模建設。這時是秦代的全盛期。

對當時的影響

秦代之統治政策及影響：

一. 政治上
１．吸取周朝教訓，推行中央集權。
２．廢封建，行郡縣，地方之軍、政、財大權全由中央支配。地方實行郡縣制，分天下為三十六郡，郡、縣長官為守、尉、監，縣以下為鄉、亭。
３．以嚴刑峻法鞏固政權，還實施連坐法。

二. 經濟上
１．統一貨幣：廢除原來各國舊幣，改鑄圓形方孔錢－『秦半兩』。
２．統一度量衡：便於商業流通和發展。
３．土地私有制：承認土地私有，使人民耕作更有積極性。
４．遷徙富戶：為繁榮首都經濟，將富豪遷至首都洛陽。
５．鼓勵人民發展農業及手工業，實施重農抑商政策。

三. 文化上
１．統一文字：命李斯等將大篆規範成小篆，推行全國，以方便政令傳達。
２．焚書坑儒：以鉗制思想。

四. 交通上
１．統一車軌；修馳道與大道；開鑿運河：全國修建馳道、直道，興建水利，築靈渠。

萬里長城

除了政治、經濟、文化等方面的統一措施外，秦始皇注重對外開拓，北伐匈奴，南平百越，使中國版圖大定。當時秦朝疆域西自隴蜀，東至遼東，北起大漠，南抵南海，形成後來中國領土之基礎。而秦代彪炳武功之最好見證，莫過於萬里長城的修築了。

圖二萬里長城的今貌

長城的出現和萬里長城的修建
　　許多人以為修築長城是秦始皇開頭的，其實，早在戰國時期，這項浩大的工程即已開始。戰國時期，由於戰爭的頻繁、激烈和規模的不斷擴大，軍事築城技術廣泛發展起來。各諸侯國為了防禦鄰國的突然襲擊，常常在自己的邊境上修築一些關、塞、亭、障等守備設施，後來又進一步把關、塞、亭、障用城牆連接起來，或把大河堤防加以擴建，便出現了所謂長城。我國歷史上出現最早的長城是楚國的方城，約建於公元前7世紀，位於今湖北竹山至今河南泌陽一帶。到戰國初期和中期，隨著兼並戰爭的加劇，黃河中下遊地區的各主要諸侯國都紛紛築起互防長城。

秦始皇統一中原後，一方面下令“墮壞城郭，決通川防，夷去險阻”，以利國家的統一，從而全部拆毀了內地的諸侯互防長城。另一方面派大將蒙恬率三十萬大軍北伐匈奴，又將原來燕、趙、秦三國所建的城牆連接起來，加以補築和修整。補築的部分超過原來三國長城的總和，成為西起甘肅臨洮、東至遼寧東部的「萬里長城」(今長城為明代重修，西起嘉峪關，東迄山海關，全長六千多公里)。長城是古代世界最著名的建築工程之一。在當時落後的條件下，長城不失為一條堅固的軍事防線，而其工程之浩大與艱鉅，的確世所罕比。據統計，如將長城的磚石用來修築成高二公尺半、寬一公尺的城牆，可繞地球一周有餘；如改鋪成寬一丈五尺、厚一尺的公路，則可繞地球三、四周。

秦的暴政與沒落

在實行了一系列加強中央集權、鞏固國家統一的措施的同時，秦始皇又施行殘暴統治，大量徵發勞役，大建宮室園林和陵墓，坑殺儒生，燒毀書籍。他窮侈極欲，橫徵暴歛，求不死藥，在全國大規模巡遊玩樂。特別是毫無限制地徵發徭役，徵收重賦，刑罰殘酷。始皇末年，全國人民已在普遍怨恨和不滿聲中。

始皇三十七年(前210)，秦始皇在巡遊南方回歸山東至河北道上病死。中車府令趙高與丞相李斯結謀殺害了太子扶蘇，另立其弟胡亥繼位，即秦二世。二世昏庸，在趙高的操縱下，其暴政比始皇時有過之無不及。二世元年(前209)七月，終於爆發了以戍卒陳勝、吳廣領導的農民大起義。起義烽火迅速蔓延，各地反秦力量都來參加。六國舊貴族的殘餘勢力、秦國的下級官吏和地方勢力也都起來反秦。秦軍大敗。但起義軍內部矛盾很快出現，相互仇殺。反秦鬥爭遂由六國舊貴族之後項羽與原秦下級官吏劉邦分別領導，西入關攻秦。這時趙高已殺丞相李斯，又殺二世，立始皇孫子嬰為秦王。公元前207年，項羽大破秦軍，鉅鹿一戰，秦軍被殲殆盡。子嬰使人殺了趙高。公元前206年劉邦入關，至咸陽城外壩上，子嬰出城降，秦亡。

對後世的影響

秦朝在歷史上雖然為時很短，但它對後世的影響卻極其深遠。秦始皇統一了中國，除西部、西南部和東北部的邊疆地區尚未開發外，其版圖基本沿用至今；始皇時建立的一套中央集權制度，也基本上為後世歷代王朝所繼承；秦代修建的萬里長城，至今仍是世界建築史上的奇蹟。但秦始皇的統治卻是歷史上少見的殘暴統治，因此它很快又被人民起來推翻，成為短命王朝。

秦之統治措施對後世的正面影響
一. 政治上，建立權力集中中央的君主政體，和行政制度的規模。
二. 文化上，完成文字和法律制度的統一。
三. 民族融合上，秦統一天下後，使蠻夷戎狄與華夏各族人進一步融合在一起。
四. 疆域上，秦統一六國，使得我國領土規模奠定大概的輪廓。

評價秦始皇

勞民傷財積民怨
　　秦在歷史上，雖然有很深的影響，但立國只有十五年就滅亡。主要原因是實行暴政，人民得不到基本的生活條件，反而比以前更痛苦。修長城、巡視天下、蓋宮室陵寢等等，更使人民負擔加重。尤其修築長城，徵調千百萬人，經過多年艱苦勞動，死亡無數生命，才修建成功的。正如古人詩云：「嬴政馭四海，北築萬里城。民命半為土，白骨亂縱橫。」可想見當時對百姓造成多大的影響。其次，六國的人民，對於國家滅亡的痛，更是強烈。毀滅六國文物制度，拆除六國城池，無不使六國國民隨時隨地想要消滅秦國。秦始皇死後，秦二世聽信小人，民不聊生，趙高專權，不但沒有放棄暴政反而更暴虐，終於滅亡。

追逐私慾好大喜功

秦始皇為了滿足自己的窮奢極慾和安排身後的歸宿，徵調了數百萬民工，大肆修築宮殿和陵墓。宮殿以阿房宮(今陝西西安阿房村)最著名，東西五里，南北千步，規模盛大，直到秦始皇死時都未建好。而他為自己精心策劃的墳墓──鸝山陵先後修了三十六年，到他死去時才勉強竣工。近年來在它東面發現了大型兵馬陶俑坑，內有武士俑約七千個、駟馬戰車一百多輛、戰馬一百餘匹，以及數千件各式兵器，被中外人士譽為「世界第八奇觀」。

刑罰嚴苛不修德政

秦始皇時的刑罰非常嚴苛，一人犯法，罪及三族；一家犯法，鄰里連坐。從湖北出土的秦簡中可以看出，秦的刑法名稱就有貲、笞、遷（流放）、耐（剃去須鬢）、髡（剃去頭髮）、黥（在面上刺字）、劓（割鼻子）、鋈（斷足）、斬左趾（砍左腳）、宮或腐（男子閹割，女子幽閉）、戮、磔（分裂肢體）、棄市等等。而秦二世即位後，更加變本加厲，更加殘暴，以“殺人衆者爲忠臣”，各級官吏都是奉行這種刑法的劊子手。但是諸多嚴酷的法律，並沒有使秦時的社會穩定、百姓生活安定，相反卻使各階層的人們特別是普通百姓遭受到意想不到的災難，無辜被殺，冤獄橫生，社會不寧，出現了“法令滋章，盜賊多有”，“吏民益輕犯法，盜賊滋起”的情況。秦的江山只存在了短短的十幾年就消亡了，究其原因與其嚴苛的法律也不無關係。

老子講過“法令滋章盜賊多有。故聖人雲我無爲而民自化。我好靜而民自正。我無事而民自富。我無欲而民自樸。”孔子也曾經說過：“用政治法令來引導百姓，用刑罰來約束百姓，百姓可以免于犯罪，但卻沒有羞恥之心。如果用道德來引導百姓，用禮儀來約束百姓，那麽百姓就會有羞恥之心，並改正錯誤，走上正道。” 可見，法律只是政治的工具，但不是決定政治清濁的根源。

不妨看看幾千年後的當代中國。法律是越制定越多，也越來越細化和嚴苛，而且出現了衆多的酷吏，但社會卻沒有越來越安定。不僅盜賊橫生、奸邪詐僞之事乃至殺人者都並不鮮見，而且冤獄比比皆是，無辜被殺者日衆，一些地方的人們更是民不聊生；許多百姓怨聲載道，都在問著同樣的問題：這個社會怎麽了？到底出了什麽問題？

教學流程

1.引言-提問 (10分鐘)

--大家有沒有看過兵馬俑呢?我們先來看看幾幅兵馬俑的圖片。同學們再說說看你們發現了什麼？(參考圖四和圖五)

2.講述教學重點 (15分鐘)

--講述秦如何建國的

--介紹萬里長城的起源與修築

--講述秦的政治措施對當時及後世的影響

---講述秦的暴政與沒落的原因

3.自由討論 (15分鐘)

(1) 秦的政治措施, 對當時和後世造成何種影響?
(2) 秦滅亡的原因主要是哪些?
(3) 萬里長城在歷史上有何意義?

4.評量 (5分鐘)

(1)可用口頭測驗學生的理解程度
(2)也可利用自由討論時提出問題進行評量
(3)或發給學習單

評量方式

(1)口頭測驗。可於自由討論時同時進行。
(2)如有設計學習單，也可發給學生帶回家作答，下次上課時交回。

參考資料

http://hk.geocities.com/I_am_JyChan/cn_ad/chindis.html

http://www.china10k.com/trad/history/2/21/21b/21b01/21b0101.htm

香港大學教育學院母語教學教師支援中心

http://i.campus.xinhua.ctm.net/guide/form4/history/lh201.htm

附件一

秦朝帝系表
(公元前221年－公元前206年)

引自http://www.china10k.com/trad/history/2/21/21z/21z02/21z0201.htm

圖三作品名稱：秦詔版文 秦始皇二十六年

(http://www.epochtimes.com)
轉載洛神藝術網

http://www.minghui-school.org/school/article/2005/1/18/40039.html
圖四秦代兵馬俑之一

	秦代兵馬俑秘密數以千計栩栩如生的兵俑與戰馬秦代兵馬俑的出土帶領今人走入具體的古代世界實際接觸二千年前的時空了解始皇的帝國雄心與用兵之道以及秦人生活的點滴揭開二千年前的古老中國有些深埋在黃土之下的兵馬俑仍保持完整，它們手持的兵器早已朽壞，只留下一些青銅箭鏃、矛頭等散落在腳邊。這個被安置在始皇陵的東方，在地下默默執行任務達兩千多年之後，終於被世人發現，並且將其陣營陸續呈現到地面之上兵馬俑出土為秦代考古帶來曙光秦代的考古在過去幾乎完全空白，而秦俑的發現，正填補了這段空缺。兵俑排列的陣式，各類兵種、武器的配置，乃至這些栩栩如生的軍士在服裝、面相、髮式上的千變萬化，皆提供後人在研究古代軍事知識，以及西漢以前歷史、政治、藝術及工藝技術方面極寶貴的一手資料。從軍士凝注的表情和整齊的動作看來，這確是一支軍紀嚴明，鬥志高昂的隊伍。無怪乎法國前總理錫拉克曾感動地說：「不看秦俑，不算真正到過中國」，並且稱譽這是『世界的第八大奇蹟』了。秦俑軍陣就是古代兵書曲形陣中有弩兵、車兵、騎兵和步兵。戰車用以「陷堅陣、要強敵、遮走北」；騎兵用以「踵敗軍、絕糧道、擊便寇」，《孫子兵法‧八陣》中載有，「車騎與戰者，分以為二，一在於右，一在於左，一在於後。易則多其車，險則多其騎，厄則多其弩」這樣相互配合，當能無堅不摧。
秦俑陶馬簡介	千軍萬馬護衛始皇陵墓
○秦俑的平均身高為一點八公尺，故秦俑的頭、軀幹、手臂皆為中空、腳、腿、手則為實心。各部先分別製作、套合，再以泥條連街、燒製，最後繪彩。 ○陶馬也是以分件套合，模鑄與手塑結合的方法製作的。陶馬完成後重量達二百三十公斤。	司馬遷對兵馬俑坑亦隻字未提，但這位偉大的史家在《史記》中對秦始皇的陵墓卻作了詳盡的描述。它形容秦始皇的墓室頂部是天體的模型，地面則是帝國的地圖，隨葬的珍藏擺滿了墓室。而且在入口的通道設置了機關，一旦盜墓者闖入，即會被亂箭射死